Leaders from the energy, technology and financial sectors vowed to help harden the United States against cyberattacks following a summit with President Biden, who called the threat of digital crime a “core national security challenge” that demands increased vigilance from both government and private companies.

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“The reality is most of our critical infrastructure is owned and operated by the private sector, and the federal government can’t meet this challenge alone,” Biden said in televised remarks ahead of the meeting on Wednesday.

Biden cited a spate of recent attacks on U.S. businesses that handicapped the daily rhythms of American life.

Key among them: Colonial Pipeline Co., a major supplier of gasoline and jet fuel to the eastern United States, halted operations in...